Orchid species richness of Mexico: opportunities for use and conservation

Mexico is considered among the ten megadiverse countries in the world, which is related to its great geographical, topographic, climatic heterogeneity and types of vegetation that make up its territory. Mexico has a considerable diversity of wild orchids, encompassing around 1300 species, which constitute one of the most abundant families within the Mexican flora. In this review, a general description is made of the richness of orchid species and their distribution in Mexico in relation to their environmental heterogeneity and endemism, and their ancient and modern uses, the main conservation actions, as well as the main threats to their survival in which illegal trafficking and climate change stand out. Around 40.3% of Mexican endemic orchids are classified under some category of risk according to the Official Mexican Standard. Historically, illegal trade has led to unsustainable use of this resource that, together with the destruction of habitats and now climate change, puts the survival of orchids in nature at risk. Mexico has a great tradition in the use of orchids, including ornamental, ceremonial uses, or for the extraction of adhesives. Many other species of orchids were part of ancient traditional medicine. Today, the use of wild orchids in religious celebrations is still appreciated. In this context, some actions implemented in the conservation and sustainable use of Mexican orchids stand out. New challenges and opportunities are proposed in this great task.