APPLE, PLUM AND BLACK CURRANT CONTROL FROM PESTS USING ECOLOGICALLY SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES

For the first time for Ukraine's eastern forest-steppe zone technologies which give opportunity to control fruit and berry crops from pests using ecologically safe methods only, for example, for apple, plum and black currant, are worked out and grounded.

As a result of 19-year observations (1975–1994) of orchard and berry-field pests we noted 135 species of animals which fed on different apple, plum and black currant organs in the conditions of eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine. Among them: insects - 119 species, ticks - 7, molluscs - 2, mammals - 7 species. We divided these animals by harmfulness relatively into 5 groups: constantly dangerous pests - 25 species, periodically dangerous - 62, rarely harmful - 28, rarely noted - 13 species, and 7 species are rare and need preservation.

We refer these animals to constantly dangerous animals: Laspeyresia pomonella L., Grapholitha funebrana Tr., Sciaphobus squalidus Gyll., Anthonomus pomorum L., Coenorinus pauxillus Germ., Melolontha melolontha L., Agrilus viridis L., Synanthedon myopaeformis Bkh., Synanthedon tipuliformis Cl., Archips rosana L., Archips variegana Schiff., Adoxophyes orana F.R., Pandemis heparana Den. u. Schiff., Archips xylosteana L., Archips crataegana Hb., Archips podana Scop., Biston hirtaria Schiff., Lithocolletis blancardella F., Lepidosaphes ulmi L., Eurytoma schreineri Schr., Thomasiniana oculiperda Rubs., Brachycaudus cardui L., Tetranychus viennensis Zacher., Tetranychus urticae Koch., Microtus arvalis Pall.

In our opinion, these animals need preservation: Smerintus ocellatus L., Arctia caja L., Arctia villica L., Papilio podalirius L., Argynnis paphia L., Gastropacha quercifolia L., Cervus elaphus L.

Last 15–20 years in the industrial gardens in eastern forest steppe of Ukraine, to our observations, a species composition replacement of main pests took place. For instance, in 50–70-ies the most harmful pests were white thorn-butterfly, brown-tail moth, tent caterpillar moth, gypsy moth, apple-tree moth, etc. In 80–90-ies in orchards the most harmful were fruit tree tortrix moth and other species of leafrollers, some species of miners and others. In orchards more and more tangible and appreciable harm is being done by Phylobius oblongus L., Coleophora hemerobiella Scop. and other pests. The main reasons for such composition replacement of pests, to our mind, becides development recurrence of pests, are: purpose annual control by chemical methods from pests which were considered basic, and rise in temperature of climate and pest areal exstention which are connected.

In the years of researches we took part in determining and specifying the harmfulness economic threshholds for several pests. For instance, according to our data, harmfulness economic threshhold for Aporia crataegi L. is 1–2 winter niduses with 15 caterpillars, not infected by entomofags, per 1m³ of crown; for Yponomeuta malinellus Zell. - 3 egg layings per 1 tree not older than 10 years; for Eurytoma schreineri Schr. - 1–2 larvae per 1 tree during spring observation; for Grapholitha funebrana